Characteristics In Autism Children Psychology Essay

Characteristics In Autism Children Psychology Essay Approximately one in every 88 children in the United States has been diagnosed with Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder of unusual social and communication behaviors that begins in early life (Peterson and Barbel, 2013). This type of disorder has been more prevalent in recent years, occurring primarily in children. Even though many researchers have not yet found the exact cause of autism, they have pointed out several possible risk factors that contribute to autistic individuals. Without a specified cause of autism and universal intervention, the challenges of diagnosing and having care for the disorder causes more difficulty. However, it is important for parents to seek early intervention for children with autism. This causes many controversies and confusions from diagnosis to treatment. Yet, it is expected that new research will assist in discovering some of these mysteries aspects of autism. Characteristics in Autism Children with autism show a wide range of signs and symptoms that vary from child to child. It is difficult to phrase all the characteristics and signs into simple words. Characteristics found in autistic children have appeared in early ages, from toddlers to infants. However, they may improve overtime as the child develops. A study has been designed to assess the parents experiences regarding with their autistic child, and the majority of the parents said that the autistic child experiences unusual verbal communications and motor behavior (Guinchat et al, 2012). Additional core symptoms are unusual interests in activities or play (usually focus on little things of the toy, get upset at little things), nonverbal/ verbal communication (unable to interpret emotions, catch meaning in a word, delay or lack of communication skills), and social interactions and relationships (unable to make eye contact, make friends, feel what other people are feeling). This research was done to help docto rs to easily diagnose patients that are at risk of autism. However, this is a spectrum disorder, meaning that this affects each individual to a certain degree, ranging from mild to severe. Each child with ASD has his or her own individual pattern of unusual behavior that some parents questioned, what is wrong with their child. As a result, it is suggested that early detection of autism is up the parents and will make a huge difference on the childs life. Risk factors Many individuals questioned the cause of autism, but the question has remained open. The biggest mystery in the study of autism appears that researchers have linked possible risk factors. Autism diagnosis suggested that a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to higher chances of autism (Deth, Muratore, Benecry, Power-Charnitsky and Waly, 2008). Exposure to toxins or pollution, such as pesticides in the environment generates an increased chance of autism during pregnancy, and those toxins surrounds a genes DNA can affects the gene activity (Shelton, Hertz-Picciotto and Pessah, 2012). In addition, another study has shown that genetics influences the risk of autism; gene mutations and sex chromosomes are linked to ASD. Medical conditions with syndromes such as Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis have shown signs of autism characteristics, but further research is still needed to prove this point (Johnson, Giarelli, Lewis, and Rice, 2013). Although much research has been conducted to build this mysterious case, researchers have yet to come up with a definite conclusion to the cause of autism. There are also controversial claims that mirror neurons are found to be delayed or dysfunctional in autism, but there is no evidence that mirror neurons in humans illustrate that correlation. Giacomo Rizzolatii, a scientist at the University of Parma, discovered mirror neurons in macaque monkeys; when the monkey observes an action from an individual, the monkey copies the same action (2004). He believes that humans behave in much the same way. The role of mirror neurons give us the ability to imitate, have empathy, and ability to understand social cues. According to an article in the Journal of Psychiatric Neuroscience and Therapeutic (2010), most children develop strong mirror activity while autistic individuals seem to have weak mirror neurons in their youth that lead to social deficits (Bastiaansen et al). However, other studies did not find mirror neuron contribute to the autistic individuals. IIan Dinstein and his colleagues doubted the mirror neuron hypothesis. His research fou nd that when the brains were scanned, there were no differences between autistic and normal individuals while the individuals performed specific tasks (Dinstein et al, 2010). Some studies show that autistic individuals mirror neurons are slower than usual while viewing the emotions or actions of others while other studies do not (Ramachandran, 2006). Due to the opposing conclusions of different studies with regard to the mirror neuron hypothesis, the link between mirror neurons and autism remains controversial. Early Intervention Evidence suggests the importance of early intervention in autistic children. Children who enter programs at younger ages will improve autism symptoms than those who enter programs at older ages. One approach to the early invention is the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM). According to the article in Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry (2012), autistic children who received the ESDM intervention, which involves structured teaching, a relationship-based approach, showed substantial improvements in IQ, language, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis (Guinchat et al). Second approach to the early intervention is the Applied Behavior Analysis Programs, most notable treatment approach. This approach maximizes the encouragement of positive behaviors while discouraging negative behavior in order to improve a variety of skills (Matson et al, 2012). Another approach is the therapy-based intervention. This approach provides a specific therapy that targets specific di fficulties such as speech/language therapy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. There are many kinds of interventions that can help to treat autism, and parents should take action as soon as possible, even if his or her child is not at risk of autism. Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D., a chief science officer of Autism Speak, suggested that even brief intervention will result in better improvements of social behavior such as imitation and small changes due to early preschool program will give some benefits to young children with autism (2012). Also, encouraging the child to play with objects and communication is important in early development. That being said, imitating others will help improve other aspects of autism. An example of how early intervention is involved is my little cousin, Conner. I did not understand the characteristics of autism before doing this research paper. Every time we had family gatherings and I tried to acknowledge him, he would run away in fear toward a nonfamily member. I stepped aside and asked his mother what his problem was. She told me he is diagnosed with autism and has some difficulties approaching other people. As I observed, he looked normal. The nonfamily member is a behavioral intervention specialist, also known as his nanny, who watches over him. He would not interact with the other little cousins, but only with his nanny. According to his mother, he was not able to be accepted into day care due to his special needs. He is the only family member that is autistic. Conclusion Overall, doing a research paper on this topic led me to determine that autism is an extremely difficult disorder to understand. This topic on autism will evolve over time and further research will be conducted with the aim of discovery of the causes and proper treatment. The biological aspect of the disorder is a mystery. Continued research on the development of the autistic child relative to a normal child will assist in diagnosing and treating. With the help of diagnosis, we can develop proper early intervention techniques to positively reduce the disorders effects. There are many research ventures that are being done concerning this disorder. The purpose of this research for future is to enhance awareness to parents about their early child that maybe at the risk of autism. Additionally, they can seek characteristics followed by early intervention that will help easily diagnosis and treat.

Investigate the effect of one factor on the boiling temperature of a liquid Essay

Salt (NaCl) is a substance with a low vapour pressure. In comparison to any type of liquid, salt still has a lower vapour pressure. If salt was to be dissolved in water (H2O), in this case for the experiment, then consequently the salt will cause the overall vapour pressure of the solution to decrease and have a lower vapour pressure. Lowering a solution’s vapour pressure means that the solution will have a higher molecule vaporising point then pure water (without added salt). In other words, the boiling point of the solution will increase and therefore have a higher boiling point temperature. A term used to describe this outcome is also known as boiling-point elevation. [1] In this experiment the affect of table salt on the boiling point of tap water will be measured. Pure tap water without table salt added will be the control of this experiment and all results will be compared to the results of the pure tap water. The temperature of the water will be measured in degrees Celsius (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and the amount of table salt added will be measured in grams (g). This experiment will be carried out at Standard Lab Conditions (SLC); Research Question: How does table salt affect the boiling point of water? Hypothesis: It is hypothesised that adding table salt will cause the water to boil at a higher temperature. Variables: Independent variables: The amount of table salt added to water. (g) * 0 grams (control) * 10 grams * 20 grams * 30 grams * 40 grams * 50 grams Dependent variables: The temperature of water when it boils (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Controlled variables: Controlled variables How it will be controlled The conditions of the surrounding area (temperature, wind, humidity etc) of where the experiment is carried out The experiment will be carried out on one day only and at standard lab conditions Avoid salt residues left on the thermometer when testing water temperature Distilled water will be used to clean the thermometer before every testing of water The type of water used for the experiment Tap water for the science lab will be used for this experiment The point at which the water temperature will be recorded The temperature of the water will be recorded when the whole surface of the water is boiling and bubbling The length of time the thermometer is left in the beaker of water The thermometer will be left for 30 seconds in the beaker, to show clear results of the water temperature The depth at which the thermometer is left in the beaker The end tip of the beaker will be placed right at the centre bottom of the beaker The Bunsen burner flame that will heat the beaker The heat of the blue flame will boil the water in the beaker The length of time the Bunsen burner is left undisturbed on blue flame to reach its optimum temperature When the Bunsen burner safe flame is changed to blue flame, the Bunsen burner will be left on the bench undisturbed for 2 minutes The repetition and speed of stirring the solution When the beaker is placed onto the tripod with the blue flame on, immediately 5 slow circle rotations of the stirring rod will be performed to dissolve the salt into the water The amount of water used for this experiment For this experiment, 500 millimetres of water will be measured in the beakers. When measuring the water level, the observer must get down to eye level to avoid parallax error and misreading of the water level Avoiding contaminations to the equipment used in this experiment Before using equipments, distilled water will be used to thoroughly clean all equipments to avoid contamination and residues The brand and type of table salt used for this experiment Woolworths Iodated Table Salt will be used for this experiment The accuracy of measuring small amount of salt The sampler spoon will be filled with salt right to the top, (touching the edges but not overflowing) with salt. 2. A wash bottle was used to thoroughly clean all equipments of this experiment. Including: beakers, graduated cylinder; thermometer, stirring rod 3. With a permanent marker pen, each beaker was labelled (near the top mouth of the beaker): Control; 10g; 20g; 30g; 40g; 50g; respectively, in relation to the amount of salt that will be added to the water 4. The graduated cylinder was used to measure 500mL of tap water, and the tap water was then placed into a beaker. This was repeated until all six beakers were filled with 500mL of tap water 5. The sampler spoon was used to weigh the amount of table salt that each beaker of water needed according to the labels of the beakers Eg; If the beaker is labelled 30g, then 30g of salt must be added to the beaker. Which means salt will have to be scooped three times with the spoon 6. The Bunsen burner was set up and the safe flame was left on. The tripod was placed directly above the flame 7. When the Bunsen burner was changed to the blue flame, the stopwatch was used to record 2 minutes of the flame left undisturbed 8. The beaker that read Control was immediately placed onto the tripod after two minutes was up 9. The stirring rod was instantly retrieved and 5 slow circle rotations were performed to dissolve the salt into the water 10. The beaker was left stable on the tripod. Whilst waiting for the water to boil, changes to the solution was carefully observed. Observations were recorded as qualitative data. When the whole surface of the water boiled, the tip of the thermometer was immediately placed at the centre of the beaker for 30 seconds. The degree of the water was then recorded. 11. In avoiding dangers, the blue flame was changed to the safe 12. The beaker tongs was used to remove the beaker from the tripod and the beaker was then placed away from the experiment area 13. The wash bottle was used to clean residues off the thermometer. 14. Steps 7-12 was then repeated for the rest of the beakers labelled; 10g; 20g; 30g; 40g; 50g 15. In obtaining more accurate results, the whole experiment was carried out another three times and the average was then calculated: Test 1 result + Test 2 result + Test 3 result Bibliography 1. How Does Salt Affect the Boiling Point of Water. David Bradley. 27 Dec 2006. 07 Feb 2009. http://www.sciencebase.com/science-blog/how-does-salt-affect-the-boiling-point-of-water.html

Minor Parties or a common feature of United States Politics

Minor Parties (third parties) have been a common feature of United States Politicsa.Describe the point of view expressed about minor parties in the political cartoon above.b.Identify and explain how two rules of the United States electoral system act as obstacles to minor-party candidates winning elections.c.Minor parties make important contributions to the United States political system in spite of the institutional obstacles to their candidates’ success.Describe two of these contributions.a)Describe the point of view expressed about minor parties in the political cartoon above.The political cartoon depicts Ralph Nader addressing America’s â€Å"throw away mentality†. Meanwhile a citizen in the background is casting her vote by dropping a ballot into a trashcan. This is a fairly pessimistic view on voting for third parties, as the cartoonist is showing that votes that are going for third parties are worth nothing. Because the vast majority of the country votes f or major party candidates, third party candidates rarely become elected.b)Identify and explain how two rules of the United States electoral system act as obstacles to minor-party candidates winning elections.The United States style democracy is winner take all.  The majority, however slight, maintains all the say. Basically the â€Å"Tyranny of the Majority†.Minor parties have to overcome ballot laws, which are state laws that determine who may appear on ballots and who may not. Parties without enough money or enough support will not be able to appear on the ballot Presidential debates often do not include third parties. This may be because the Commission on Presidential Debates is a private company created by Democrats and Republicans c)Minor parties make important contributions to the United States political system in spite of the institutional obstacles to their candidates’ success. Describe two of these contributions.Third party candidates running for public offi ce realize that they have slim chances of being elected, so their primary purpose is to call attention to ignored, misrepresented, or little known issues.Eugene Debs with worker rights and Ross Perot with the national debtMajority parties often adapt their own policies to include popular third party stances, so third party voters may in fact get what they want even though a majority party wins.

Developmental Disability A Diverse Group Of Chronic...

Developmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impairments. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living. Developmental disabilities are usually identified early in childhood and will probably persist throughout the individual’s lifespan. This paper will identify the various aspects of how developmental disability can be defined, how many people are estimated to experience DD, the long-term and short-term management of DD and a client with a developmental disability can receive affective counseling, treatment and different intervention approaches to assist in the enhancement of the individual’s life. Each state may have slightly varied definitions of DD. For example, the State of Ohio’s labeling and definition of DD has evolved from mental retardation to developmentally disable to what it is now called, â€Å"Intellectual disability†. (Ohio Department of Education, [34 CFR ÃŽ ´300.8 © (6)]. The focus of this paper will discuss and define adults with DD (developmental disabilities) ages 18 and older. It will touch bases on how to provide appropriate and affective treatment when dealing with this specific population of individuals. Furthermore, it will discuss different approaches and interventions compared to the use of medication as a form of treatment. What is DevelopmentalShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Disabilities : A Diverse Group Of Chronic Conditions1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be way tougher. Students with developmental disabilities face many challenges and have way less opportunities than students without them. 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