Age Friendly Environment Within Ecological Perspective Essay

Age-Friendly Environment within Ecological Perspective Population ageing is rapidly accelerating in the world (World Health Organization[WHO], 2015a). As getting older, the older adults experience physical function changes (Alcock, O Brien, Vanicek, 2015) and the impairments in older people are associated with several societal issues such as caregiver burden and an increase of health care expenditures (Ajay, Kasthuri, Kiran, Malhotra, 2016; von Wyl Beck, 2014). Moreover, Lawton and Nahemow (1973) explicate relationships between a person and environment in the ecological model that a person with lower function needs to try hard to adapt environmental demands. The Elders who are likely to have lower competencies are relatively vulnerable. However, traditional approaches to solve these problems have been focused on interventions and mostly limited in individual level. Therefore, it is integral to build supportive environment for older population to maximize their competencies beyond personal factors (Clark Glicksman, 2012). Building age-friendly environment is an approach considering environment factors. The purposes of this paper are conceptualizing age-friendly environment within ecological perspective and addressing the significance considering environmental factors. In first section, age-friendly environment will be conceptualized and operationalized. In the second section, practices and research on age-friendly environment will be analyzed in two differentShow MoreRelatedMy Reflection Of My Environment : My Value Of The Environment1152 Words   |  5 Pagesaccess to water, why am I wasting my finite amount of it? Also, I claim that I live an ecologically friendly lifestyle but I have contributed to pollution and continued to act poorly with my resources. 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Biologically, Emma doesn’t have responsively consistent caregivers; her father didn’t believe that she was sexually abused by a staff member at her pre-school, and after the discovery, Emma’s mother was her only parental support in

Discuss the principle underlying the Practical Life...

Discuss the principle underlying the Practical Life exercises and how it fosters independence in children. What is Practical Life exercise? Practical life exercise means the basic everyday life, all the things we need to for daily living. Dr Maria Montessori felt that children need to be shown and given opportunities so that they learn how to do everyday living activities in a purposeful way. â€Å"The child can only develop by means of experience in his environment. We call such experience work.† – Maria Montessori Children prefer to work than to play and they can only be in their natural self, when their natural self is satisfied through work. It’s also through work they acquire concentration, co-ordination, control, independence and†¦show more content†¦Exercises in each of these categories provide the opportunity to do purposeful work and are designed to teach the child life skills, so that they may became confident to do their daily chores at home. Activities grouped under â€Å"Development of Motor Skills†, such as carrying, pouring, squeezing an d twisting give the opportunity to exercise and co-ordinate body movements of the child. Movement is very important to the child because it contributes and spiritual development of the child. â€Å"Through movement, he acts upon his external environment and thus carries out his personal mission in the world. Movement is not only an impression of the ego but it is an indispensable factor in the development of consciousness, since it is the only real means which places the ego in a clearly defined relationship with external reality.† (The Secret of childhood, 1966) The child learns to ‘Care of the Environment’ from exercises like cutting, cleaning, washing, polishing, sewing and more. They learn that they are a part of the environment and learn to respect and develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment. Also the child will gradually learn how to gain greater control of his motor movements so that he would be able to perform more complex tasks later on . Some of the activities such as washing of table can be carried out as a group task, which helps the child to be socialized. TheShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology14082 Words   |  57 PagesBASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children are like and how they changeRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 PagesISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. 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Psychology of Human Nature Essay Example For Students

Psychology of Human Nature Essay Psychology is the very important perspective for human nature. It is very much important for the individual environment. Psychology is very much a product of the Western tradition. Whereas a new psychology of the year 2000 contains both the eastern as well as the Western tradition(Frey,04/06). Psychologists call a persons self concepts it includes what a person perceives from the persons self-concept attitudes. Its related to Psyche means the integrate part of human mind motion connected to those with bodily concepts. It however reflects true relationship with the mind-body concept. ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION addresses those domains of social behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation.(Primis,119). Major perspectives in psychology at this point includes psychoanalysis, humanism and sociobiology. Now, whats the concept of psychoanalysis is also a very important perspective. As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior.(Frey,04/06). It is, in addition, a method for learning about the mind, and also a theory, a way of understanding the processes of normal everyday mental functioning and the stages of normal development from infancy to old age.(psychology.com). Furthermore, since psychoanalysis seeks to explain how the human mind works, it contributes insight into whatever the human mind produces.(apa.org)Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst.Many of his insights into the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. Although others before and during his time had begun to recognize the role of unconscious mental activity, Freud was the preeminent pioneer in understanding its importance. Although his ideas met with antagonism and resistance, Freud believed deeply in the value of his discoveries and rarely simplified or exaggerated them for the sake of popular acceptance.(apa.org) He saw that those who sought to change themselves or others must face realistic difficulties. But he also showed us that, while the dark and blind forces in human nature sometimes seem overwhelming, psychological understanding, by enlarging the realm of reason and responsibility, can make a substantial difference to troubled individuals and even to civilization as a whole. Building on such ideas and ideals, psychoanalysis has continued to grow and develop as a general theory of human mental functioning, while always maintaining a profound respect for the uniqueness of each individual life.(psych.nwu.edu).Sigmund Freud interpreted the behaviour in human beings as the outcome of a drive that constantly seeks releases.(Frey, 04/06). However, upto this contexts it could be seen that Freuds psychoanalytic theory explains the most about the human nature(Freud, introduction). In fact it determines the various stages and phalices in human selfhood as well as natural ignorance for the beings which ultimately gives much broader concept of the human nature. According to Freud, people are often compelled to do things without knowing the reasons for their actions; the motivation for their actions is unconscious(Freud, Civilization and its discontents). Sigmund Freud has many theories on how people develop. His most influential theory to the development of the human mind was his five psychosexual stages. Freuds belief was that children were done developing after they finished going through puberty. The stages started with infants describing this as the oral stage, or the sucking stage. The anal stage deals with the one and two year olds. This age group is starting to potty tra in. After this stage the three through five-year-olds go through the phallic stage.(Freud, Civilization). The child focuses on the genitals, as they discover it is enjoyable. Freuds fourth stage is the latency stage, including children six to twelve years.(Freud, Civilization). This is when their sexual interests are put on the back burn. The last stage is the genital stage. Children going through puberty have a time of sexual reawakening. Other theorists criticized him by saying that there was more to development than sex.(Freud, Civilization) They also said a person does not stop developing after they turn eighteen. Freud did develop another theory that many authors have described in their literary works which included the Id, Ego, and Superego. The Id, Ego, and Superego dealt with how the mind worked conscientiously and unconsciously. It also described the behavior of the human body and why we do the things we do. Freud was a real pessimist when it came to human nature. He identi fies mans weaknesses in saying that man is a biological creature with biological drives. He reflected these ideas off of Darwins original ideas. (Freud, Civilization)Another big work is of Dr.Victor.E.Frankl regarding the Humanistic Psychology. Humanistic Psychology is a contemporary manifestation of that ongoing commitment. American psychology was dominated by two schools of thought: behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Neither fully acknowledged the possibility of studying values, intentions and meaning as elements in conscious existence.Their arised the concepts of the forces.(runet.edu) The First Force systematically excluded the subjective data of consciousness and much information bearing on the complexity of the human personality and its development. The Second Force emerged out of Freudian psychoanalysis and the depth psychologies of Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Otto Rank, Harry Stack Sullivan and others. These theorists focused on the dynamic unconscious the depths of the human psyche whose contents, they asserted, must be integrated with those of the conscious mind in order to produce a healthy human personality .The third blow came to be about through the psychoanalysis. (psychology Legalized Gambling Would Decrease The Crime Rate EssayThus, from all given reason from the above paragraphs, it can be clearly determined that neither of the psychologists said complete in all the fields. There were even similarities but only upto a certain extent. Taking the Contrast of Freud and Wilson, it can be determined that Freud directed towards the gender issues especially the psychological concepts of the gender differences whereas Wilson in his sociobiological theory explains biological interpretation and simulates mind-body conception with his theories. However all the theories by both of them identified in its deep core the true meaning of human nature. One focusing gender issues whether other happiness or so. One going towards description of the human mind whereas other going towards the bodily interpretation and its consequence over human nature. Neither claim to completely elucidate all facets of the human nature. But Both Freud and Wilson said a lot about the core of the personality , no matter in what instincts they explained it. It was their ultimate goal towards the concept of interpreting the human beings focusing towards the aspects and moralities of the core effecting the human nature. Their theories helped a lot for the human society in finding the relative core of the human nature. And these theories of Psychology is still much worth regarding the personality as well as the human instinct of true self , true nature as well as their behavior. BIBILOGRAPHY:-1. Freud Sigmund, Civilization and Its Discontents, Tr:- James Stretcher,New York, W.W. Norton Company, 1985. 2. Wilson, Edward O., On Human Nature,Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1998. 3. Frankl, Victor E., Mans Search For Meaning,New York, Washington Square Press, 1985. 4. Social Sciencee, Primis,New York, Mc Graw Hill, 1998. 5.http://www.psych.nwu.edu6.http://www.psychology.com7.http://www.psychology.ucdavis.edu8.http://www.psychology.net9 http://baldwin.apa.org:88/best/index.html10 .http://www.apa.org11. http://www.runet.edu/~lridener/courses/SOCBIO.HTML

The Tuskegee Experiment Essays - Syphilis, , Term Papers

The Tuskegee Experiment ?The Tuskegee Experiment? In 1932, in the area surrounding Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama, the United States Public Health Service (PHS) and the Rosenwald Foundation began a survey and small treatment program for African-Americans with syphilis. Within a few months, the deepening depression, the lack of funds from the foundation, and the large number of untreated cases provied the government's reseachers with what seemed to be an unprecedented opportunity to study a seemingly almost ?natural? experimentation of lantent syphilis in African-American men. What had begun as a ?treatment? program thus was converted by the PHS reasearchers, under the imprimatur of the Surgeon General and with knowledge and consent of the Prewsident of Tuskegee Institute, the medical director of the Institute's John A. Andrew Hospital, and the Macon County public health officials, into a persecpective study-The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male (Jones1-15). Moreover, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which began in 1932 and was terminated in 1972 by the protest of an enraged public, constituted the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history. Since the premise on which the experiment was based did not involve finding a cure or providing treatment, the question then remains why did the study begin and why was it continued for four decades? In Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphhilis Experiment, James Jones describes the fate of the 600 Black victims. Ultimately, 399 men, who were in the late or tertiary stages of syphilis, participated in the experiment. In addition, 201 men who were free of the disease were in cluded in the study. Both groups of men were neither told the truth about their ailment or lack thereof, nor were they informed that they were part of a medical study. Medical personnel assured the subjects that they were suffering from ?bad blood,? a euphemism that in the local parlance, reffered to many ailments. None of the men knew that the ?bad blood? which coursed through their veins was contagious. None understood how the disease was transmitted; no one explained to them that congenital syphilis was passed on from female to fetus. It was an experiment based on deception, a characteristic that it retained for the next forty years. Through a historical analysis of the experiment several questions arise, particular ly the issues of the men's participation in the experiment and the black professionals who witnessed the study. Why did these Black men take part in this study? Why did the Black healtth professionals not challenge the study? The answers to these questions are interconnected and lies captive in a term Jones calls racial medicine (Jones 15). Prior to 1932 information concering the origin, conception, developement, and the complications of untreated syphilis was known to medical science. The one element left to be known about this diease was a cure. By this time, scientist were well aware of the fact that syphilis was a highly contagious diease caused by treponema pallidum, a microscopic organism resembling a corkscrew. The disease may be acquired, meaning passed from person-to-person either during sexual intercourse or mixing of bodily fluids, or congenital meaning obtained through birth. The disease progresses in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The characteristics for the first two stages exhibit chancre sores, various mild rashes, bone and joint pain, as well as cardiac palpitations. Following the secondary stage is a period of latency where all symptoms associated with syphilis disappear, a period that may last from a few weeks to thirty years. At this time, delusion of health is shattered and the symp toms revisit with a harsher intensity. It is at the tertiary stage that the majority of the damage is done. Tumors begin to coalesce on the skin forming huge ulcers covered with a crust of dried exuded matter. Bones are attacked by tumors and in some cases eaten entirely away. The tumors also attack the walls of the heart or blood vessels causing aneurysms, balloon like sacs filled with blood. If the aneurysm burst, death is instantaneous. Syphilis can attack the brain in a condition known as paresis, in which the brain softens and produces paralyis and insanity. Optic nerves can be attacked causing blindness or inflicting deafness (Jones 2-4). The progression of th de